Theories of Situational and Participative Leadership

paper 1 final draft Essays - Marketing, Human Behavior, Behavior

paper 1 final draft Essays - Marketing, Human Behavior, Behavior Agreeing with Craig Kristina Crotty English Comp October 11 th , 2017 INTRODUCTION Advertisements in this generation have become vivid since the early years of marketing. Putting a clear image in everyone's head that women are supposed to look or act a certain way. They have done extensive research since then, as well. Although, even back then women were demonstrated as the stay at home, cook and clean, wife kind of stereotypes, it is now just more intensified with a sexual kind of aspect. I believe that advertising has gotten more graphic in the way they portray men and women. Showing women in a more sexual way makes women seem less intelligent or less competent. Advertisers dehumanize women more than they do men, as society sees it, in the advertisements today. LITERATURE REVIEW There are a few different articles that show studies on how advertisers dehumanize woman and how different they are from men. In "The Effects of Ad Context and Gender on the Identification of Visually Incongruent Products" by Theodore J. Noseworthy, he talks about how the researchers consistently find that woman process groups of visual objects differently than men. Woman are better at judging visual characteristics, rec alling location and identity, noticing when new objects are added, and identifying common factors between objects. Also, that woman have an ability to memorize groups of objects better than men. Noseworthy states that they refer to these groupings as object arrays and that there are two types of object arrays. These two types of object arrays are competing objects and unrelated objects. In the first study they show that woman can identify an incongruent product if it is promoted among competing products. This performance comes to heighten pr oduct eva luations. In study two, they predicted that women would trade off verbal processing for visuo-spatial processing due to capacity limits in memory. In the researcher's findings, the female ability to identify the incongruent products came at the expense of ad claim recognition. The researcher's show that this is due to a higher rate of ad claim incursion. They did not expect this to occur for males so it brought them to study three. Although, visuo-spatial elaboration disrupted verbal processing, it only occurred for women. The theories for these studies show that the research has direct implications for consumer behavior. The researcher's state that is it important to understand that there are dramatic differences in how males and females process contextual arrays when exploring the effects of advertising context. In "Why the U.S. Ad Industry Will Never Regulate Gender Stereotypes" by Kristina Monllos and Patrick Coffee, states that the British's ASA (Advertising Standar ds Authority) announced that they plan to take a tougher line on ads that mock people for not conforming to gender stereotypes to better serve the public. The ASA cannot ban offending advertisements as consumer complaints but it can recommend that certain campaigns be pulled from commercials. Gender stereotypes have always been an issue in the American advertisement industry and Jessica Greenwood, svp of strategy and partnerships, believes that this state-sanctioned "smackdown" on sexist spots would never happen in the United States. They also acknowledge the factor of the new cycle, which is that a brand releases a campaign ad that offends key members of its target audience, those consumers make their opinions known on social media which cause a backlash to the brands, only to come up again in the next misguided marketing move. Kat Gordon, CEO of 3% Conference, believes that if agencies and brands come together they can fix gender stereotyping. Stating that they need to have dive rse people making the ads, having agencies amend their languages about stereotypical depictions of women, and talk about stereotypes from the start. This article also states that the United States and Great Britain have come to the same conclusion, just in very different ways; that brands know that stereotyping more of their target audiences will not help boost sales. The next article gets into more detailed about stereotypes, typically stereotypes of women and how they are portrayed in advertisements. In "Images of Women in Online Advertisements of Global Products: Does Sexism Exist?" the authors show tables based on product categories and stereotype

Effect of the Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S. Air Force Term Paper

Effect of the Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S. Air Force - Term Paper Example Berlin, being the capital city of Germany, it was located in Soviet Zones therefore they handed over a great deal of the administrative responsibility for running Bizonia to the Germans-in particular to an designated economic council of fifty-two Germans who, under Allied regulation, shouldered the task of economic rebuilding. On July 1 Britain and America freely devoted themselves to the support of the West Berliners. Six months earlier, the Soviets had placed a blockage around the West Berlin that no supplies could come into the city by road, water or even rail. Therefore the U.S Airlift and British planes made round the clock flights into the city, carrying medical supplies, food and other goods. This combined Air-Lift task force was an Anglo-American act. The Berlin Airlift: Breaking the Soviet Blockade By Michael Burgan Capstone, Jan 1, 2008 At some point, Biliners saw their city rise, and for this reason, they gained confidence to the officers running the airlift. The winter ea sed somewhat and improved technology was making it easier to direct the planes. They had guiding principles in order to conduct airlift and it was observed by all the aircrews and airfields. Berlin Airlifts had some certain precautions. The first rule was that the aircraft would fly at three minutes interval whilst the next rule was that the plane may perhaps not land in Berlin at its first try. In Berlin Airlift, pilots would fly under the similar set of rules at all moment in time. To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949 Roger G. Miller, R Miller, Pro Texas A&M University Press, 2008 Contrary to these, U.S Airforce is a military service that provided air support to the United Nation troops as well as protecting people in other parts of the world by preventing the fight between countries using pilots who were deployed to patrol in the sky. By early 1947, the Air Force became an self-regulating service, tension between the United States Air force and the Berlin airlift led to the change in foreign policy. It was declared that the United States must aid any nations struggling to prevent a Communist takeover. This policy was known as the Truman Doctrine which justified the use of the forces to prevent the spread of Communism. The U.S Air force supported the countries which are trying to recover from the war by providing supportive troops. The U.S. Air Force By Sandra Donovan Lerner Publications, Sep 1, 2004 Effects of Berlin Airlift on the future of the U.S Air force However, the study of crisis is approximately as old as the study of international relations because it has never been systematic. The majority of the commercial aircraft in Berlin, however, flew nonscheduled routes between to the United States. There are several effects that Berlin caused on the U.S Air force that caused debate in the United States economic status therefore coming up with a National Security Act which was established by the security of defense on the air force. To start with, Berlin Airlifts began to detain U.S troop trains bound for their respective trains. This became a threat to the country which led to the call upon the independent U.S Air Force so that it can organize a massive emergency airlift to keep Berlin Airlift away. Berlin Airlift also made the United States Air force officially lifted the blockade that made the Berlin Airlift with a rationale of scarce supplies because troops were no longer sent to Berlin. Blockade of Berlin was one of the most serious immediate problem. As far as the appropriate method for holding Berlin was concerned, airlift was the right choice for the U.S Air force to deploy. The U.S. Air force sent its military forces to Berlin several times thus

Responding to Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responding to Pop Culture - Essay Example he average Joe themes that illustrate contestants in very pertinent terms to audience lifestyle and then appropriating excitement to make positive emotional connection to human behavior related to needs for excitement and enrichment that most of the target audience shares psychologically. What makes â€Å"Wheel of Fortune† a practical example of effective pop culture is in the show’s ability to turn audience dreams into practical reality by illustrating the notion that fantasies of materialism and pleasure are achievable for the average Joe consumer lifestyle, thus making a positive collective connection to everyday life. After the contestants have offered their rather humdrum, typical lifestyle attributes and family connections, the audience establishes a bond with the players related to their lifestyle similarities and builds an immediate sense of empathy built on common bonds which is a strength of this particular medium of pop culture. The show concept also illustrates a sense of adventure through the provision of glamorous prize packages that fit with most audience psychological profiles related to exploration and lifestyle diversity. However, where the show is weak as a pop culture icon is in lack of diversity of show concept, thus creating opportunities for audience boredom or perceptions of monotony. Despite these structural weaknesses in presentation, the show is popular as it presents greed and wealth as potential for instantaneous opportunity while the viewing audience is forced to labor to achieve similar self-indulgence. This makes it appealing to the middle-class audience as it can prom ote a perception that life does not have to always be lackluster. Psychological theory defines salience as the relevance or importance of a particular sign, a symbol that stands out from others in an unambiguous way (Heath, Ho & Berger, 2006). â€Å"Wheel of Fortune† provides salience as an exciting medium for instant wealth accumulation and rapid lifestyle

Opposition to Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opposition to Immigration - Essay Example In a strict economic sense 2006 has been a good year till now. As a matter of fact, even from 2004, the economy has been looking up. Economic growth which was 4.2 % in 2004, was 3.5% in 2005; which is still good. Unemployment at 4.7% is quite an achievement compared to the 8.4% figure for Europe. However it looks as if it will take more than that to whistle a happy tune. ("The United States ...") The steadily increasing trade deficit, Katrina, the involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, our standoff with Iran, and the regular outflow of jobs through outsourcing are enough to dampen the spirit of the average American. Add 12 million illegal immigrants. And a pall of gloom descends over middle class America. Fact is many Americans are seriously concerned about the immigration issue. It has become a subject that has dominated a variety of forums and has spawned several localized movements. One such local unit that called itself "Minutemen" patrolled Arizona's border with Mexico during April 2005. This anti-immigration sentiment is sometimes referred to as "nativism". ("Immigration Policy Issues") "Nativism" is not new to America. It first reared its head at the beginning of the 19th century when hordes of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe began to pour in. The consequence of that nativist stirring was "a 1924 law establishing a quota system that sought to limit entry" into the United States. (Campo-Flores) The more recent immigration issues however relate primarily to illegal immigrants, and the conviction in some quarters, that the huge inflow of these "undocumented" workers is the cause for the country's woes. In the 1980s the American people were highly unsatisfied with the Federal policies of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1982 the country was in a deep recession. The percent of businesses that went bankrupt increased by 50% when compared to the previous year, agricultural exports fell, as did the price of crops. Interest rates rose, inflation was up from 6.2% in 1973 to around 13.5% and unemployment was at a significant high of 7%. (Teacher's Guide). Federal deficits soared throughout this period. This was probably the worst period in America's economic history since the Depression of 1929. During the period 1980 to 1990 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimated the number of illegal immigrants to be around 2.6 million. The general sentiment then was that 3 these undocumented immigrants were the cause of all economic woes. As a consequence we had the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. The primary aim of this Act was to protect the jobs of the domestic workforce. It also sought to punish employers of undocumented workers. (The Feminization of Immigration) The immigration issue is currently seen as a bigger problem than it was ever before. It's not surprising. For instance, Gordon County, Georgia had an immigrant population of just 1% in 1990. Today that figure stands at 12%. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, illegal immigrants currently make up 24% of agricultural labor, 14% of construction workers and 9% of manufacturing jobs. (Grow) The Bill that was passed by the House last December,

Is globalization to be blamed for child labour

Is globalization to be blamed for child labour This paper addresses an issue that appears to be on the increase worldwide; Child Labour. Recent ILO estimates state that every seventh child in the world is engaged in working activities. Because of their familys financial difficulties these children are forced to give up their future in terms of education, health and leisure. This emphasises the importance to carry out further research and analysis on the phenomenon of child labour as well as come up with effective policy inventions in order to eliminate child labour. According to Basu (1999) designing policies should be based on careful analysis and research instead of underlying emotions or feelings towards child labour. It is extremely important to consider the precise definition of child labour before proceeding. There is immense heterogeneity in defining child labour as different groups view it differently. For example according to Ashagrie (1993) a child is categorised as labourer if the child is economically active. Then again we need to come to an agreement on what age group being a child consists of. Most studies however follow the ILOs convention No.138 and treat a person under 15 years old as a child and estimate child labour by observing economic activity of children under the age of 15. For the purpose of our study we will be looking at children between the ages 0-14. The aim of this paper is to discover the impact globalisation has had and is having on child labour. As globalization is a broad topic, I will be focusing specifically on trade liberalization, which plays an essential role within the globalization process. Liberalised trade had been the engine of capitalistic growth from colonial times; however globalization has led to a change in this pattern. Under colonialism, land conquest operated as a pre-condition and  (foreign) capital and (foreign) labour converged on land to produce goods for trade (e.g. plantation production). But, with globalization, capital is seeking investment outlets globally, where, besides marketing opportunities,  cheap labour is a key determinant. This has resulted in large scale foreign direct investment (FDI) with multi national corporations yielding the necessary structural change. LEDCs are keen to receive FDI and have gone to the extent of creating a suitable environment for such capital overlooking socia l issues.  The policy had been conducive for cheap labour in the form of children and women (e.g. garment industries within the FTZ in Sri Lanka). Economists argue that international trade is beneficial in terms of increasing the income of the country as well as creating job opportunities in the country. It is also one of the important sources of revenue for a developing country. But there is no denying that there may be losers from international trade too; for example the imports of cheap goods produced by low skilled workers may not only reduce the demand for those goods but also reduces employment opportunities for low skilled workers. Although trade can bring some disadvantages to a countrys economy, it is necessary that it does not effect the younger population who will determine the future of the economy. This paper investigates whether trade liberalization increases the incidence of child labour. Since our concern is working children, who are predominant in the developing world, my focus will be on developing countries specifically on India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The main reason for why it is interesting to consider these South Asian countries is due to the high proportion (40%) of the worlds child labour emerging from these countries as well as the rapid export growth monitored in these countries. One would expect a positive relationship between trade openness and child labour as more trade means more exports, which in turn means an increase in demand for labour; therefore, children enter the labour market. However this is an extremely generalised statement, the next section presents what the economic theory says about this matter. This study looks at a panel of 50 developing countries over a period of 4 decades to in order to observe the effect of trade on chil d labour. Another reason for the use of panel data is due to the fact that child labour is not a recent issue, it has been happening for several decades now, therefore it is interesting to see if there has been a trend over time. It also makes sense to observe the consequences of globalisation over time as there has been a rapid, continuous progress in information and technology which highly contributes to trade liberalization (Krugman 1995), especially in the 1980s when globalisation got in its stride. In order to test the effect of trade liberalization on child labour, a multiple regression analysis will be carried out using economic activity rate of children between 10-14 as the indicator for child labour and the countrys imports and exports (%GDP) as the measure of trade openness. In addition control variables such as GDP per capita and proportion of children between 0-14 as well as regional dummies are added to the regression. Data are mainly collected from the World Bank and UN common database. The report proceeds as follows. Chapter 2 reviews the theory of trade and how it is likely to affect child labour. The methods used to carry out the empirical analysis along with the description of the data used is described in chapter 3. The results and findings are presented in chapter 4 followed by the conclusions and possible policy recommendations in chapter 5. Theory Parents make the decisions regarding whether to send their children to school; they make these decisions by comparing benefits and costs of education as well the opportunity cost of time spent in education rather than working. Ranjan (1999) says that credit market imperfections are the reason for the existence of borrowing constraints. Therefore when parents cannot borrow against their childrens future earnings, the deep poverty forces them to send their children to work. When the country opens to trade in an unskilled labour abundant country (i.e. developing country) this may affect child labour in two ways. Firstly, the demand effect due to the increase in wage of the unskilled workers which in turn reduces the returns to skilled workers. Looking at it in this perspective makes it more likely that parents would send their children to work rather than to school. Another perspective is that households with unskilled workers become better off as they receive higher wages; therefore th ere is less of a need to send the children to work. The overall outcome will depend on which of these effects dominates (Ranjan 2001). However it is important to note that the impact of trade liberalization on child labour will be varied in different countries depending on the factor endowments of the country. Developing countries are relatively abundant in unskilled labour therefore trade growth may not have a significant impact on child labour. Krueger(1996) says that trade between two countries is determined by comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good is smaller in that country compared to other countries. The country with a comparative advantage also uses its resources most efficiently in the production of that good. So for example if developing countries specialize in goods that make use of unskilled labour, more of those goods are produced. The country gains from trade due to its specialization in the products that uses its resources more efficiently. This in turn brings more income to the country which can then be used to buy the goods and services the country desires. Domestic workers also benefit from this as the familys real income increases from producing the good the country specializes in. This theory can be linked with the two possible implications trade has on child labour as discussed by Ranjan; income effect reduces child l abour as the additional income helps parents reduce the work load of their children or the higher income to families may also mean parents would rather send their children to work. However Cigno et al (2002) found a negative relationship between trade and the incidence of child labour in their cross country study. The problems using a cross country study is that data collection methods in different countries may vary; therefore results may be less reliable when comparing. Also cross sectional  studies are carried out at one particular point in time or over a short period of time, therefore its only a snapshot. The results may be different if the study had been carried out in a different period. Findings of Shelbourne (2002) also supports the results derived from the study carried out by Cigno et al. Her reasoning was that the economy expands due to international trade which in turn increases per capita GDP reducing the need for child labourers. This is not necessarily true as an i ncrease in the volume of production within the country might mean there is higher demand for cheap labour in order to maximize profits. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains trade through differences in resources. For example let us now take a look at a simple framework where capital and labour are the factors of production. Under this framework a country will have comparative advantage in producing goods which intensively uses the factor with which they are abundantly endowed. According to this theory openness to trade increases demand for the good produced by the abundant factor which indirectly increases the demand for the abundant factor itself. This also increases the price of the abundant factor. In other words, countries that have a relatively high proportion of labour (labour intensive), which are mainly the developing countries will tend to export labour intensive goods and countries which are well endowed in terms of capital will export capital intensive goods. (criticize) Brown (2000) and Dixit (2000) believe that when countries involve in trade the wages are determined by the prices of the products. In conjunction with Heckscher-Ohlins model, this means the increase in price of the export products can actually reduce the incidence of child labour as adult wages rise. However according to Maskus (1997) the demand for child labour depends on the demand for export goods. In other words the higher the demand for export goods the higher the demand for child workers through higher equilibrium wages. His theory, however contradicts with Stolper Samuelsons theorem, which states that the expansion of the export sector increases adult wages and therefore it reduces the supply of child labour. These are two contradicting views as the expansion in the export sector can either increase or decrease child labour. However, all these theories are solely based on income and how child labour is affected due to the income effects triggered by trade. Perhaps other factor s such as poverty and welfare benefits should be taken in to account. It is generally accepted that liberalization under globalization has led to a maldistribution of income, which has created relative poverty. The worst affected has been the LEDCs. It is also true that certain  LEDCs, the least developed ones, are also affected by absolute poverty. When families are threatened to be  below poverty lines, child labour becomes a convenient means to enhance family incomes. Moreover part of the liberalized programme under globalization has been a reduction in welfare activities both in the developing and developed world. World Bank and IMF impose on LDCs welfare reduction as a pre-requisite for capital and any other form of assistance. It has led to privatisation in especially health and education driving a lot of families to lower income levels, eventually, culminating in denial of proper educational facilities  and the creation of child labour. Overall, the review of theory works seems to be more supportive towards a negative relationship between trade openness and child labour mainly due to the positive income effect trade brings to the country. We will now take a look at some empirical evidence to see if they support these theories. Empirical evidence The empirical evidence already found on the relationship between trade openness and child labour does not give us a clear picture. Most cross-sectional studies tend to show a negative relationship between trade improvement and the incidence of child labour. In fact in the panel study carried out by Cigno et al. (2002) there were no significant relationship between the two variables. The overall effect of trade liberalization on child labour seems to differ across countries. Kis-Katos (2007) carried out an empirical study using a panel of 91 countries measuring variables every decade from 1960-2000. However she only included the countries that reported a positive value of child labour; one needs to take into consideration that not all countries let out information about issues such as child labour and also countries tend to underreport work by children, therefore her results may have been different if these secretive countries were also included. She found an overall increase in trade openness over the decades as well as a steady decrease in the incidence of child labour. However the reliability of the data should be taken into account as illegal work or household work carried out by children may not be reported, which affect the reliability of the results. Moreover in developing countries economic censuses are rare and the ILO often makes adjustments such as intrapolating or extrapolating data in order to get estimates. This means the actual values may be over or under estimated than the true value. Cigno et al. (2002) found no empirical evidence that international trade raises child labour. In fact their cross country study shows that trade liberalisation actually decreases child labour. One of the indicators they used to measure child labour was primary school non-attendance rate. It is important to note that child not attending school does not necessarily mean the child is engaging in economic activity. It may for example be the case that the family cannot afford to send the child to school or even that the child has health problems. Therefore using primary school non attendance rate is not as appropriate as an indicator. The other indicator used was economic activity of children between ages 10-14, which clearly excludes children younger the 10 who are more of a cause of concern. However considering there are only limited data available on child labour, these indicators do give us a broad brush picture of the evolution of child labour. Issues with the reliability of data are the same as those discussed for Kis-Katoss empirical study above. As we have seen, most of the empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical considerations we discussed previously. In other words empirical work carried out so far mainly find a negative relationship between trade openness and child labour supporting most of the theories. Methodology Our empirical work is aimed at understanding whether the panel data evidence suggests a link between trade and child labour and whether there is any evidence to support our hypothesis of trade liberalization exerting an upward pressure of child labour. Data and variables In order to address the research question which is to observe whether trade liberalization increases child labour, a panel of 50 developing countries are used, where the variables are measured every ten years between 1960-2000. The focus of the regression is to observe child labour over time keeping in mind the current wave of globalisation progressed rapidly around the 1980s. However by looking at the data it is important to note that not all countries have experienced an increase in trade over each decade. There are a total of 250 observations for each variable considered over the years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000. A panel data method has been carried out for this analysis for several reasons. Firstly the use of panel data increases the number of observations. For example in our case using data over 5 different time periods has increased the sample size by 5 times which will help increase the precision of the regression estimates. It also increases the degrees of freedom and reduces the collinearity among explanatory variables, again increasing the precision of the estimates. Moreover it allows us to analyse important economic questions which cannot be addressed using cross sectional analysis alone. For example in our case using a cross sectional analysis will not be appropriate as we are interested in observing a trend over time. Data was taken from the World Bank development indicators (reference) and the United Nation common database. The dependent variable used is the economic activity rate of children between the ages 10-14 taken from the ILO estimates. Using this variable as an indicator for child labour has two main problems. Firstly children under the age of 10 who may be involved in child labour are excluded. Secondly this indicator does not include children working within the household, or children involved in illegal work such as prostitution. In developing countries economic censuses are rare and the ILO often makes adjustments such as intrapolating or extrapolating data in order to get estimates. This means the actual values may be over or under estimated than the true value, which also have an impact on the results. However considering the lack of data available on child labour and comparing with other indicators present, this indicator serves best available proxy for measuring child labour. As we are looking at the impact of trade on child labour the main explanatory variable used in our analysis is trade (% GDP). The trade variable gives the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product. In addition to this two other control variables have been included. The control variables are GDP per capita growth (%) and the age group 0-14 as a percentage of the whole population. The reason for the use of control variables is to see if there is actually a relationship between trade and child labour given that these control variables which also affect the dependent variable are kept constant. It would have been desirable to control for variables such as poverty and differences in income distribution, but the data available was not sufficiently consistent across the countries and years we are considering. GDP per capita is used as a control variable because it controls for average income effects caused by trade liberalization. As we mentioned earlier increase in trade means countries gain new production opportunities which in turn increases GDP per capita. This positive income effect is most likely to reduce child labour. Therefore it is essential to control this variable. The other control variable used is age group 0-14 as a percentage of the whole population. This variable allows us to observe whether the increase in number of children in that given age group over the years affects child labour. The notion behind this is that the larger the families the higher the demand for income therefore a higher chance of children entering the labour force. As my main focus is on South Asian countries a regional dummy variable has been added to the regression which takes a value of 1 if the country is in South Asia and a value of 0 if not. This regional dummy helps to capture the change in child labour in the south Asian countries which is known to have a high prevalence of child labour. Results By looking at the data for every 10 years from 1960 to 2000, we can see a general increase in trade openness over time as well as a steady decrease in economic activity rates. We begin our analysis by considering the association between volume of trade (openness) and child labour for the years 1960, 1980 and 2000. This allows us to have a rough overview of how the relationship has changed (if any) before and after globalisation (considering globalisation occurred around the 1980s). 1980 This figure shows a scatter plot of the data for 1980 for the variables trade and child labour. A point on this scatter plot represents the volume of trade in 1980 and the economic activity rate of children between 10-14 in 1980 for a given country. The OLS regression line obtained by regressing these two variables is also plotted on the figure, which shows a slightly negative relationship; the estimated regression line is: CL = 26.6601794934 0.0149024702066*TRADE (1980 data) Because we have data for more than one year, we can re-examine this relation for another year. The scatter plots for the years 1960 and 2000 are given below. CL = 36.3205247048 0.119594768169*TRADE (1960 data) CL = 26.0540622351 0.109873185356*TRADE (2000 data) All three scatter plots show a negative relation between trade and child labour although year 2000 has the highest coefficient on trade implying that the reduction in child labour was greater in the year 2000 compared to 1960 and 1980. Keeping in mind that globalization took its stride in the 1980s, these scatter plots show that globalization has in fact reduced child labour further. However these plots only show what happened in that specific year, there may have been fluctuations between the years (i.e between 1980 and 1990) and also we cannot tell the trend over time using these individual plots. A better way of estimating the relationship is a regression approach that takes into account both the time and the cross section. Estimation strategy The estimation equation is of the following form: CLit = f( Tradeit, GDPit, Population 0-14it, Regional dummy for South Asiait), Where i= country x and t= time (decade t). More formally: Yit = ÃŽÂ ²1i + ÃŽÂ ²2X2it + ÃŽÂ ²3X3it + ÃŽÂ ²4X4it + ÃŽÂ ´(SAit) + ÃŽÂ µit. The anticipated signs of the coefficients: The coefficient of trade (ÃŽÂ ²2) which is what we are most interested in could either be positive or negative, although according to theory it is most likely to be negative. Coefficient of GDP (ÃŽÂ ²3) is expected to be negative as the higher the GDP per capita the lower the incidence of child labour due to the positive income effect. The coefficient of the number of children aged 0-14 (ÃŽÂ ²4) is expected to be positive as the larger the number of children per family the higher the demand for income in order to support the family. As south Asia has a high incidence of child labour, the coefficient of the dummy variable is expected to be positive and large. Dependent Variable: CL Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 03/21/10 Time: 16:24 Sample: 1 5 Periods included: 5 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 250 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ã‚   C -1.326061 7.182926 -0.184613 0.8537 TRADE -0.103054 0.031110 -3.312572 0.0011 GDP -0.448464 0.186588 -2.403504 0.0170 POP 0.778480 0.163337 4.766091 0.0000 SA 6.023961 3.378131 1.783223 0.0758 R-squared 0.149969   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var 25.40160 Adjusted R-squared 0.136091   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.D. dependent var 15.99024 S.E. of regression 14.86241   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion 8.255344 Sum squared resid 54118.32   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion 8.325773 Log likelihood -1026.918   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. 8.283690 F-statistic 10.80618   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat 0.152585 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 CL = -1.32606116682 0.103053628312*TRADE 0.448464386734*GDP + 0.778479521915*POP + 6.0239606613*SA The results show the coefficients of ÃŽÂ ²2, ÃŽÂ ²3, ÃŽÂ ²4 are as expected. For a given country i, when trade liberalization varies across time by one unit, child labour decreases by 0.103 units. Similarly when GDP and population vary across time by one unit child labour decreases by 0.448 and increases by 0.778 respectively. Looking at the results it is clear that trade liberalization does not have much of an impact on child labour as indicated by a very small coefficient, which we may even interpret as there being no impact of trade on child labour. It is important to note that being a South Asian country is associated with child labour that is 6.02 units higher, everything else held constant. This was also expected as we found out earlier that a large proportion of child labour comes from South Asian countries. Our previous theory discussion implied that the relationship between openness and child labour could be either positive or negative. Our results suggest that grea ter openness is associated with slightly less child labour or even no effect on child labour. In order to test the significance of the coefficients, t-tests have been carried for each variable: Trade: H0: ÃŽÂ ²2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (there is no relationship or a positive relationship between trade openness and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²2 t = b2 = -3.313 se(b2) Under the 5% significance level the critical t-value is t(0.05,246) = -1.651. Since -3.313 GDP: H0: ÃŽÂ ²3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (there is no relationship or a positive relationship between GDP and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²3 t = b3 = -2.404 se(b3) Since -2.404 Number of children between 0-14: H0: ÃŽÂ ²4 = 0 (there is no relationship between number of children and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (there is a negative relationship between number of children and child labour) t = b4 = 4.77 se(b4) Since 4.77 > 1.651 we do not reject H0. In this case there is insufficient evidence in our sample to conclude that there is a relationship between number of children between 0-14 and child labour. Therefore we cannot be confident that this variable is actually has an impact on child labour. Perhaps further research into this will be useful. Estimating the regression excluding the population variable yields similar coefficients for the trade and GDP variables however the dummy variable for south Asia has a much smaller coefficient compared to when population was included. This shows that population is an important variable when considering South Asian countries and excluding it leads to an omitted variable bias especially when south Asian countries are involved. This is true as countries like India have a very large population therefore the proportion of children between 0-14 is likely to be high. As discussed earlier large number of children per household means extra income is required to support the family, which may lead to a necessity for children to work. Although population is an important variable, regressing it with child labour may not yield extremely reliable results in our case. This is because we are only taking into account children between the ages 10-14 as a measure of child labour, which is excluding the age group 0-9, whereas the population variables includes all ages between 0-14. This implies that the coefficient is likely to be much higher if we were to include economic activity rate of children between 0-14 as our dependent variable, which was not possible due to limited availability of data. This may be a reason why the coefficient of the population variable was insignificant as we found when carrying out the t-test. These results interpreted above however did not control for the characteristics of the countries. Fixed effect approach An advantage of panel data is that we are able to hold constant individual differences which allow us to focus on marginal effects of the independent variables considered. It is reasonable to into include the fixed effects model in our analysis as the data complies with the 2 basic requirements of using the fixed effects model; firstly dependent variable must be measured for each country for at least 2 periods and secondly the independent variable must change in value across the periods. There is no need to add the dummy variable in this case as the fixed effects are already controlling for location. Having the cross section as fixed yield the following results: As we can see from the table the coefficient of trade is more or less the same as before, however GDP now has a slightly positive coefficient. The regression R2 jumps from 0.0705 to 0.9097 when fixed effects are included. This shows that the country fixed effects account for a large amount of variation in the data. Although fixed effect approach has an attractive feature that allows controlling for the variables that have not or cannot be measured, they only take into account within country differences discarding any information about differences between countries. An F-test can be carried out to see if there is individual differences and it if is important to include cross section fixed effects in the model. Ho: ÃŽÂ ²11=ÃŽÂ ²12=ÃŽÂ ²13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. =ÃŽÂ ²1N (no fixed effect differences) H1: the ÃŽÂ ²1i are not all equal F = (SSER SSEU) /J = 38.63 SSEU/(NT-N-(K-1)) Where the degrees of freedom J = N-1 = 50-1 = 49 and NT-N-(K-1) = (50x 5)-50-(3-1) = 198. Under the 5% significant level the critical value is Fc = 1.419 We reject Ho if F à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ Fc, since 38.63 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥1.419 we reject the null hypothesis of no fixed effect differences between these countries, therefore it is good to include fixed effects in the model. Overall, changes in trade over the decades had no impact or very little (decrease) effect on child labour. The other explanatory variables GDP and population also had the expected signs on the coefficients although under the fixed effects GDP had a small but positive coefficient. (what does this mean?) These finding are consistent with the theory we discussed previously. Policy interventions What can the Government do to reduce child labour? Some of the previous studies carried out on this topic have mainly mentioned improvements in schooling facilities as one of the main policy recommendations for combating child labour. For example Basu (0000) says that availability of good schools and provision of free meals for the children would be a way to reduce the number of children working. However, developing countries are generally poorer due to the lack of funds; therefore it may not be feasible to invest a lot on schooling. Moreover, attending school is only going to decrease full time work, whereas children could still be involved in part-time work after school. This shows that it is very difficult to abolish child labour completely by changes in schooling policy. Basu also mentions that a total ban on child labour may be a better option as a large scale of withdrawa

Naive Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

Naive Macbeth  Ã‚   Macbeth begins on a bloody note: a battle rages from which Banquo and Macbeth survive bloodied, but heroes.   They are the generals of Scotland; the country’s future is in their hands and in their blades.   However, when one clutches once to such power, it is hard to let go.   Macbeth cannot let go.   Macbeth also ends on a bloody note: Macbeth’s head is cut off and presented to Malcolm, his replacement.   Peace is restored through war; bloody injustice is righted finally with bloody justice.   What falls between these two notes—the beginning and end of the tragedy—is a symphony of treachery, deceit, and murder.   The images of nature gone awry spread all through the play—from the gardens that have turned to weeds to the horses that have turned to cannibalizing each other—for murder of one’s king is so unnatural that the entire landscape, all that is natural, is affected.   Macbeth, by killing Duncan, is himself made an enemy of nature.   Macbeth murders sleep, the ultimate embodiment of peace and nature, when he murders Duncan.   However, the title character is not as evil as is first suggested; Macbeth is only led to his evil deeds by those who surround him.   Macbeth’s only crime may be that he is weak minded and afraid.   Macbeth was lured and cajoled into his mistakes by his wife and the weird sisters. The first person who influences Macbeth into his sin is not really a person at all.   The weird sisters, as is their art, wreak havoc with Macbeth’s mind and life.   From the moment they are introduced, their every word affects Macbeth’s actions.   They are the characters that put the idea of becoming king in Macbeth’s head to begin with: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth!   Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!   / All hail, Macbeth!   Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!   / All hail, Macbeth!   Hail to thee, that shalt be King hereafter!   (1.3.48-50).†Ã‚   By addressing Macbeth first as he is, then with a title that he is but does not yet know of, and finally with a title he must take action to attain, they encourage him to take the actions necessary.   Their words are a promise to him that he will succeed if he murders Duncan.   Of course, the weird sisters are not responsible only for the first blood that covers Macbeth’s hands.   It is the s isters’ prediction that puts Macbeth on the course to kill Macduff: â€Å"Macbeth!   Macbeth!   Macbeth!   Beware Macduff!   Beware the Thane of Fife.

Learning a Foreign Language

With the development of the world and the raising level of education, learning a foreign language has become a compulsory subject for every student. At the same time, the problem of learning foreign languages is extremely crucial. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of education and has contributed to an overflow of information. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.A second language can be applied not only to science and technology, and sometimes it also used in people’s daily life. We all know that, whether you travel or business to another country, it will make your trip more relaxed and enjoyable that if you know the local language. Of course, this is just a basic purpose of learning a foreign language. I interviewed one of my friends about this topic, who called Flo and is a native English sp eaker and have been learning German for four years.I interviewed her about her experiences and viewpoints of learning a foreign language from many aspects, fortunately, I got some now ideas. There are many reasons to learn a foreign language, from studying and working in another country to communicating with foreigners, through travel, emigration and maybe just interest. When I asked Flo what is her purpose of learning German, she said that she had a trip in Germany when she was a child. At that time, she felt that German is a beautiful language, its pronunciation, and the way people speak it were deeply attracted her.So she began to learn German when she was in high school, and now, her major is German Business, so the purpose for her is changed. She said it is different from before when she studied German in high school, she studies German here is for learning the economic situation in Germany and also for looking for a career in Germany after graduation. As can be seen, reasons o f learning a foreign language are diverse. Sometimes you began to learn a foreign language just because it sounds good to you when it is spoken, and sometimes the information about the subject you chose s published mainly in a foreign language. Learning that language will make it easier to get the material you need. Learning a foreign language is useful but not easy. Its grammar, pronunciation, writing and vocabulary are always plagued language learners, they are totally different from your mother tongue, so there are a big deal of difficulties have to face for language learners. My interviewee said that the first big difficult she met is grammar. German grammar is more complex than English grammar, it has a lot of the old rules need to keep in mind, and it is less flexible than English.Although in some aspects, these two languages are similar, for example, the subordinate clause. But it is still not easy to master German completely for her. What’s more, the pronunciation is also a big problem for Flo. She showed me that in German letters, in addition to the A(a),O(o),U(u) and? , other letters written look not much different from English letters, but the pronunciations are totally different, she always confuse the pronunciation of two languages.Obviously, learning a foreign language is not that easy, we need to learn its grammar, writing, pronunciation and vocabulary, or even need to known about the culture and history of the country that speaks this language. This is the only way to fully grasp a foreign language. When we understand the purpose of learning a foreign language and what difficulties we will face when we study this language, the most important thing next is how to learn a new language. Because as long as you have a correct language learning method, you can quickly, completely and high efficiently master a language without fool’s errands.Flo told me that, at the beginning of learning German, she didn’t know how to learn it, ju st blind to see some German movies and news on TV, so during that time, her German level of progress is very slow. Though classroom learning, she began to know some correct methods of learning a new language. The best way for her is using the internet resources after classes, as we all know that the resource on the Internet is infinite, most of the time, we can get anything we want from the Internet, especially for language study, we can find some language learning audios, videos, articles and even online courses.So making good use of network resources have a negligible effect on people when they are studying a foreign language. And we cannot ignore that, at the same time, the way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible. Language is diverse. In people’s day-to-day conversation, we prefer to speak informal language with some slangs, it makes people communicate simple and not binding. Language is a collective human creation, reflecting human nature, how we conceptualize reality, how we relate to one another.Said by STEVEN PINKER, the author of The Language Instinct. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for the communication, so language is the most crucial tool for people to communicate, but only one language is not enough, form my point of view, learning a foreign language is necessary if you want to know more about the world. As long as you want to learn a new language, learning foreign languages should be fun.

Health and illness in later life, inequalities †gender, ethnicity and end of life The WritePass Journal

Health and illness in later life, inequalities – gender, ethnicity and end of life Introduction Health and illness in later life, inequalities – gender, ethnicity and end of life ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007 ; Van Doorslaer et al., 2003).   These groups defining characteristics in include, ethnic, gender, age as well as economic status. Nonetheless, with all this definition of affected constituents by health inequality, the out come is a country where disadvantaged perish at the expense of the advantaged. This report takes a closer look at the intricacies involved with such classifications and the core issues leading to the rise in such deplorable conditions. It is in the light of these occurrences that this report aims at investigating health inequalities and health promotion taking into account gender, ethnicity and socio-economic as well as ageism and racism factors.   Methodology The information collected for this study was from two interviews. The first one was with Ms B is a 69 year old woman.   The interview took place in the front room of her home. The second interview was with Ms A is a 64 years old Black African woman; the Interview took place in her home. The subjects were referred to as Ms A and B for confidential purposes; their real names were not used, but every other detail is as was during the interview. Prior to the interviews, the interviewees had to sign consent forms issued by the institution the interviewer is affiliated. The consent form is made available by the faculty under which the interviewer belongs and is mainly a legally binding document to ensure confidentiality of the contents of the interview. The two first interviews were with elderly women and because of the generational gap; they were both handled with the utmost respect. However, there are instances that Ms A was referred to as ma’am because of her cultural background as a show of humility and respect. Results/findings A close examination of Ms A and Ms B interview reveal information relevant to the aims and objectives of this study. First, Ms B has a GP, who is 8 minutes walk from her residence and has been useful for medical issues such as surgery and other medical advice (12) while Ms A claims she does not need a GP. Ms A believes that her spirituality is an alternative to the help she can get from a GP (8) and does not even remember the last time she visited a GP(9). Ms B has a male Doctor (66) and has been with him for a long time. She claims that he is elder-ish and avoids women issue by referring to her to other female consultants (69). Despite having received several invitations, Ms A has never consulted a GP and claims she is fine (12). She does not remember the last time she visited a GP for any medical issue or advice (15). On the other hand, Ms B claims she has received much information from her local GP; there was a time she had trouble emptying her bowel freely (20) and she sort for a dvice from her GP, who asked her to take plenty of fruits and vegetables (21). She gets helpful information on other medical conditions freely such as Flu and Diabetes from pamphlets (24) as well as the nurse (25). Ms B receives helpful information from her doctor, such as, where to purchase blood pressure kits and how best to use it(27). Both Ms A and B are very active and have plenty of activities to do around their houses. Ms B spends much of her time around the house re-arranging her kitchen cupboard (32). She cooks (39), prepares her skirting board and also spends time relaxing, watching TV while eating her lamb chops (40). Ms A also finds time to arrange her things though she does not seem to devote most of her time in household work as compared to her ministry, she is still yet to arrange the things that she move in with since she was re-housed in October(19). Ms A is very busy with ministry work and does not sit to rest (26). Ms B gets good nutritional advice from her GP and eats right, Weetabix and dry raisins for breakfast (47) and a cup of tea and crackers for lunch with 2 fruits (48). For dinner, she prefers lamb chops, broad beans and carrots (50). Ms B, on the other hand, claims she is a light eater with her diet consisting of predominantly fruits (30). She also goes sometimes without food during her fas ting periods (31). Ms B enjoys quality time with her children and grand children often (52); she also picks up her granddaughter from school (53). Ms A finds pleasure in God, her family both biological and spiritual (33). She is a spiritual person and delights in serving and worshiping all the time (36).   Ms B finds time in her schedule to go shopping (56) when it’s quiet (57) and avoids shopping on Saturdays (58). In addition, she still drives, but does not do long distance (60), she only drives to the supermarket, and when there is no traffic (62), she avoids using the road because it is tiring and keeps her away from reckless drivers (63). Compared to Ms A, Ms B enjoys meeting people as part of her ministry than shopping (39) and uses public transportation, as opposed to private means (42). She enjoys bus rides regardless of whether it is school rush hour or not (45). Ms B has friends she spends time with from time to time, they go shopping have snacks together (72). She also has a good neighbour at the end of the street that she spends time with visiting a local Nursing home (74). Ms B’s friends are good companions (80) they talk about family and engage in other activities such as making tea (82). She does not engage in community activities (85) as she used to in 2008(86). Ms A, on the other hand, socializes with everyone she meets in the course of her ministry (51); however she claims that her social life is in the church where she does volunteer work (52). She gets spiritual support from her ministry (55) and many refer to her as mummy (56). Unlike Ms A, she engages in community activities such as the Easter love fest (59) where she brings drinks and snacks and distributes leaflets to neighbours (60). Discussion Woodwarda and Kawachib (2000), reiterate a well known fact that health inequalities are socially, culturally and economically instigated. This paper aims at exposing evidence in health inequalities and the need for health promotion, as well as highlight gender,, ethnicity and socio-economic factors, Ageism and racism in the healthcare sector. Adequate access to healthcare has been cited as a key factor determining a country’s commitment to reducing health inequalities and promotion. Devaux and de Looper (2012), explain that the need for General Practitioners can be analysed using variables such as age, gender and health status.   In the current study, Ms B has a General Practitioner, who is 8 minutes walk from her residence, while, on the other hand Ms, A sees no need for one. Devaux and de Looper (2012) reveal in their study that people who are financially stable are more likely to visit a GP than those in the lower income level. Ms B in the interview is presented as more stable than Ms A financially. Ms B has time for shopping, cafes with friends, and she can also afford a healthy meal at the end of the day. She even has access to private transportation. Compared to Ms A, who is housed by the council (Shelter, 2013). Van Doorslaer et al. (2003) assert that income related health inequalities are persistent in Eu rope regardless of the fact that many countries have established easy access to physician services. They further posit that there is unequal opportunity in accessing health services across income groups. Ms A seems to be in the lower income category and much marginalized in regard to access to health services. This is a common trend in most developed economies especially in North America and Europe. In an examination of such inequalities, in self reported health and their impact on individual risk factors in the United States and Canada, McGrail et al.(2009), found that income distribution was responsible for more than 50 percent of income-related health inequalities.   The same can be said of the United Kingdom where life expectancy is as high as in both the USA and Canada as a result of great preventive measures against killer diseases, yet the ubiquity of health inequality is constant (Graham Kelly, 2004).   They reveal that while the health of the general population seems t o improve, those in the lower income bracket are far from this reality, and this has been a point of challenge to policy makers. In addition, gender is one of the key causes of health inequalities.Ostrowska (2012), explains that notable differences between male and female health status is a common topic and has become a subject of increasing interest of researchers. According to them, researchers have recorded these differences in a bid to understand them within a bio-medical framework. Health inequalities in regard to gender divergence are indicative of the differences in social roles and status engraved in culturally created perception of femininity and masculinity. It is most likely that Ms A has continually ignored invitations to GP because of cost. It is most likely possible that she could be fine now, but the future is uncertain and more so in regard to her age. Health insurance coverage has become one of the key issues as far as women access to healthcare is concern.   According to Kaiser Family Foundation (2013), health insurance coverage is a motivational factor for women and is effective in improvi ng their health status by enabling access to preventive, primary, as well as, speciality healthcare. This could represent the case with Ms A, with medical cover; she would most likely at least visit her GP for a check up. Racism has been one of the key issues associated with health inequality. Generally, it is said that Native and African American, as well as Pacific Islanders, have a shorter lifespan and dismal health outcomes including high infant mortality rates, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, stroke, deteriorating life expectancy compared to their white and Asian American counterparts (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). The United Kingdom is also faced with this challenge as explains Nazroo (2003 ), who posit that there is high health inequality across ethnic groups in the US and UK, and this has been documented. Woolf et al.(2004), in reference to a study by Dr. David Satcher and Dr. Adelwale Troutman, close to 900, 000 of the deaths of African Americans would have been prevented if their health matched that of their white counterparts. Racial identity is not pathogenic, but is a social issue in many countries that are the basis of profiling. While it is true that not all people from these minority groups both in the US and UK are poor, most of them are and according to Smedley et al. (2003), health follows a pattern that the more the wealth, the better the health. Most of them work in jobs that are in the   lower status and are also less educated than their   white counterparts. This is a key reason why this population   is persistent in the lower socio-economic strata compared to the other ethnic groups. Ms A is a black woman who is more concern with her spiritual condition than her health condition. She seems not to take cognizance of the fact that one she might need medical attention given her age, â€Å"health by choice.† Nonetheless, this could be none of her fault, as an African American, she is disadvantaged, she might not be able to afford the cost or even fail to take on appropriate medical cover (Nazroo, 2003 ). It has been noted in Britain that immediate action is needed to reform the pension plans to match in regard to the disparity between the rich and the poor, a state that could lead to thousands of poor people dying before they reach retirement (Copper, 2013). Just as the ethnic minorities in the developed countries, the older generation is currently one of the constituencies with rising health challenges. It is a population that is experiencing health inequalities (Grundy Sloggett, 2003 ). In England alone, there are 10 million people aged 65 and over (Thorpe, 2011). In this population, most of the are either sick or with some disability, thy account for 60 percent of hospital admissions (Thorpe, 2011). Grundy and Sloggett (2003 ), in their research used information from three rounds of the English Health Survey to understand the variations in wellbeing of those aged between 65-84 years. In their study, they used indicators based on self reports and data collected by a medical practitioner. The study revealed that socio-economic indicator and most prominent, income, was related to the increasing odds of diminishing health outcomes (Grundy Sloggett, 2003 ). Ms B in the current study has already started experiencing the effects of aging a nd conscious of what is expected of her. She is 69 years and seeks regular medical advice from her GP and takes every precaution in order to live a healthy and rewarding life. Ms A, on the other hand, is 5 years younger than Ms B, she might not feel the impact of age on her, but as seen in the above paragraphs, she is bound to feel some of these effects, it is just a matter of time (Grundy Sloggett, 2003 ). The examination of   gender, ethnicity, socio-economic, as well as ageism and racism variables as factors associated with health inequalities,, it is important also to consider the promotional aspect. Health promotion empowers people to consider and sustain healthy lifestyles thereby becoming better health managers (Family Health Teams, 2006). There needs to be promotion strategies that when implemented uses structural solutions that support change in behaviour.   One of the areas needing work is for governments to focus on closing narrowing of the gap between the rich and the poor. However, it is not just the closing of the gap, but making available services that would positively impact the poor. Such remedies include; empowering and mobilizing the people to resort to healthier choices, such as making available healthy food for the masses (Shircore, 2009).   In addition, the vulnerable populations need to be supported to change their behaviour, Shircore (2009), explain an impo rtant point that both physical and mental health are integral parts of quality of life and that evidence is clear that a healthy diets are beneficial to the both. On the other hand, poor housing coupled with poor income adversely affect physical and mental health. In this regard, the need for effective social marketing is imperative in achieving the desired change with both the public and with decision-makers. To achieve this, one of the most effective ways as seen in the current study is to involve the GP in health promotion strategies (Family Health Teams, 2006).   Ms B compared to Ms A had been receiving critically needed useful medical procedures because of her awareness of her health status. While Ms A, claimed, she did not need a GP and did not even remember the last time she visited a GP (9). Ms B had a Doctor (66) and had been with him for a long time. On the other hand, Ms B claims she has received much information from her local GP; there was a time she had trouble emptying her bowel freely (20) and she sort for advice from her GP, who asked her to take plenty of fruits and vegetables (21). She gets helpful information on other med ical conditions freely such as Flu and Diabetes from pamphlets (24) as well as the nurse (25). Ms B receives helpful information from her doctor, such as where to purchase blood pressure kits and how to use of it in checking her blood pressure (27). The focus on patient education, counselling and support is an important health promotion strategy and should be given to every vulnerable person in the categories examined in this study. Conclusion and recommendation As explained by Ms A and Ms B’s economic and health conditions, there are wide disparities between minority groups and dominant populations, more so in developed countries. As an African woman, Ms A was oblivious to the fact that she would need medical at one point in life; such is the attitude that some people in minority groups face life. Nonetheless, there are others who regardless of what they know, are restricted by their economic state. As a matter of fact the common denominator across all this classification whether ethnic, gender, age, is economic stability or sustainability. It is the responsibility of the government and the entire stakeholder to ensure that necessary steps are taken to provide for the needs of these vulnerable groups so as to reduce the effects of such health inequalities. As seen above, certain subsidies can be given to the vulnerable groups to mitigate the effects of health inequalities as discussed. The current study used two case studies to explain several variables. Further research is needed to zero in on specific details as it fails to do justice to all the variables presented, for depth and breadth of the issues investigated, the case studies fail to examine fully within the real-life context all the variables presented. On the gender issue, it would have been helpful if one of the interviewees was a male or in that case have more than two interviewees, the third of a different gender. Bibliography Copper, C., 2013. Britains poor will die before they retire if pension reforms arent matched by health improvements. The Independent , 06 December. Devaux, M. de Looper, M., 2012. Income-Related Inequalities in Health Service Utilisation in 19 OECD Countries, 2008-2009†. OECD Health Working Papers. Family Health Teams, 2006. Guide to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. [Online] Ministry of Health Available at:   HYPERLINK health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/fht/docs/fht_health_promotion2.pdf health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/fht/docs/fht_health_promotion2.pdf   [Accessed 10 December 2013]. Graham, H. Kelly, M.P., 2004. Health inequalities: concepts,frameworks and policy. [Online] Health Development Agency Available at:   HYPERLINK nice.org.uk/niceMedia/documents/health_inequalities_concepts.pdf nice.org.uk/niceMedia/documents/health_inequalities_concepts.pdf   [Accessed 10 December 2013]. Grundy, E. Sloggett, A., 2003. Health inequalities in the older population: the role of personal capital, social resources and socio-economic. Social Science Med, 56(5), pp.935-47. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013. Women’s Health Insurance Coverage. [Online] Kaiser Family Foundation Available at:   HYPERLINK http://kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage-fact-sheet/ \l footnote-89006-14 http://kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage-fact-sheet/#footnote-89006-14   [Accessed 10 December 2013]. McGrail, K.M., Van Doorslaer, E., Ross, N.A. Sanmartin, C., 2009. Income-Related Health Inequalities in Canada and the United States: A Decomposition Analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 99(10), pp.1856–63. Nazroo, J.Y., 2003. The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), pp.277–84. Ostrowska, A., 2012. Health inequalitiesgender perspective. 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Learn About the Drug Called Bath Salts

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